Parameters of hormetic stress and resilience to trauma in rats. Wermter A-K, Laucht M, Schimmelmann BG, Banaschewski T, Banaschweski T, Sonuga-Barke EJS, et al.From nature versus nurture, via nature and nurture, to gene x environment interaction in mental disorders. A behavioural neuroscience perspective on the aetiology and treatment of anxiety disorders.
#EXPLAIN PATHOLOGICAL FEAR HOW TO#
Anxiety disorders: why they persist and how to treat them. Targeting the modulation of neural circuitry for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Wittchen HU, Jönsson B. The association between anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kanwar A, Malik S, Prokop LJ, Sim LA, Feldstein D, Wang Z, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jönsson B, et al. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU. Finally, we highlight novel neuroimaging approaches that improve our understanding of anxiety and fear-based disorders. We also encourage combining animal and human research, including psychiatric patients in order to find new pharmacological targets with real therapeutic potential that will improve the extrapolation of the findings. Animal models of stress-induced pathological fear combined with powerful cutting-edge techniques would help to improve the translational value of preclinical studies. Although animal models are excellent for dissecting fear memory circuits and have driven tremendous advances in the field, translation of these findings into the clinic has been limited so far. Current therapies for anxiety and fear-based disorders have limited success rate, revealing a clear need for an improved understanding of their neurobiological basis. Stress is one of the main environmental factors that can disrupt memory circuits and constitutes as a key factor in the etiopathology of these psychiatric conditions. Appropriate fear responses are adaptive, but disruption of healthy fear memory circuits can lead to anxiety and fear-based disorders. Therefore, based on theoretical considerations, we recommend directions for intensified research, especially on the causal relationship between overgeneralization and pathological fear.We address some of the current limitations of translational research in fear memory and suggest alternatives that might help to overcome them. However, empirical results are inconsistent across disorders and they rarely allow for conclusions on their causality in the disorders’ etiology. In conclusion, enhanced fear generalization is associated with several anxiety disorders and stress-related disorders, which is supported statistically by a small, but robust effect size of g = 0.44 for risk ratings as an index of fear generalization. This systematic review and meta-analysis of empirical findings clarifies the relationship between fear generalization and pathological anxiety.
Yet, experimental evidence for the link between generalization and pathological anxiety, as well as its moderators, has not been formally integrated. Therefore, fear generalization, a mechanism by which associative fear extends from one conditioned stimulus to similar cues, has been central to theories on anxiety.
It is a defining feature of anxiety disorders that fear is elicited by a circumscribed class of stimuli rather than by only one specific exemplar of that class.
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